review pass: fidelity + credits + count consistency for ported modules

Three-agent rigorous review of the dirtydecrypt + fragnesia ports plus
repo-wide doc consistency, followed by a full Linux build verification.

dirtydecrypt (NOTICE + detection rules):
- NOTICE.md: removed an unsupported "Zellic co-founder" detail and a
  fabricated disclosure-date narrative; tightened phrasing of the
  Zellic + V12 credit; noted that upstream poc.c carries no
  author/license header of its own.
- Embedded auditd + sigma rules and detect/sigma.yml broadened to
  cover every binary in dd_targets[] (added /usr/bin/mount,
  /usr/bin/passwd, /usr/bin/chsh) and added the b32 splice rule, so
  the embedded ruleset matches the on-disk reference and the carrier
  list the exploit actually targets.
- Exploit primitive verified byte-for-byte against the V12 PoC
  (tiny_elf[] identical, all rxgk/XDR/fire/pagecache_write logic
  token-identical). docker gcc:latest compile of the Linux path:
  COMPILE_OK, zero warnings.

fragnesia: review found no defects. Exploit primitive byte-identical
to the V12 PoC (shell_elf[] 192 bytes identical, AF_ALG GCM keystream
table + userns/netns/XFRM + receiver/sender/run_trigger_pair all
faithful). The deliberate omissions (ANSI TUI, CLI arg parsing) drop
nothing exploit-critical. docker gcc:latest compile: COMPILE_OK; full
project build links into a working skeletonkey ELF and --list shows
the module registered correctly.

Repo docs (README.md / CVES.md / ROADMAP.md):
- Chose to keep "28 verified" as the headline; the two ported
  modules are represented as a separate clearly-labelled tier
  ("ported-but-unverified") that is explicitly excluded from the
  28-module verified counts. README + CVES.md + ROADMAP.md now tell
  one consistent story.
- Filled a pre-existing documentation gap: sudo_samedit, sequoia,
  sudoedit_editor, vmwgfx were registered + built but absent from
  CVES.md's inventory + operations tables. Added rows synthesized
  from each module's .cve / .summary / .kernel_range fields.
- ROADMAP Phase 8 "7 🟡 PRIMITIVE modules" → "14"; added a "Landed
  since v0.1.0" group; moved vmwgfx out of the stale carry-overs.

docs site (docs/index.html):
- Stat box "28 / total modules" → "28 / verified modules" (the 14+14
  breakdown now sums to the headline consistently).
- Terminal example "scanning 28 modules" → "scanning 30 modules"
  (was factually wrong — the binary literally prints module_count()
  which is 30).
- Status line: updated to mention the 2 ported-but-unverified
  modules and mirror the README phrasing.
- docs/LAUNCH.md left as a dated v0.5.0 launch snapshot.

Build verification: `docker run gcc:latest make clean && make` —
links into a 30-module skeletonkey ELF on Linux. macOS dev box still
hits the pre-existing dirty_pipe header gap; unchanged.

.gitignore: added /skeletonkey to exclude the top-level build
artifact (the existing modules/*/skeletonkey only covered per-module
binaries; the root one was getting picked up by `git add -A`).
This commit is contained in:
2026-05-22 18:41:37 -04:00
parent a8c8d5ef1f
commit ac557b67d0
8 changed files with 90 additions and 33 deletions
+1
View File
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ build/
modules/*/build/
modules/*/dirtyfail
modules/*/skeletonkey
/skeletonkey
.vscode/
.idea/
*.swp
+19 -6
View File
@@ -23,14 +23,19 @@ Status legend:
- 🔴 **DEPRECATED** — fully patched everywhere relevant; kept for
historical reference only
**Counts:** 🟢 13 · 🟡 13 · 🔵 0 · ⚪ 0 · 🔴 0
**Counts:** 30 modules total — 28 verified (🟢 14 · 🟡 14) plus 2
ported-but-unverified (`dirtydecrypt`, `fragnesia` — see note below).
🔵 0 · ⚪ 0 planned-with-stub · 🔴 0. (One ⚪ row below — CVE-2026-31402
— is a *candidate* with no module, not counted as a module.)
> **Note on `dirtydecrypt` / `fragnesia`:** these two are ported from
> public PoCs and are **not yet VM-verified** end-to-end. They are
> marked 🟡 but differ from the other 🟡 modules — they are
> self-contained page-cache writes (no `--full-chain` finisher), and
> their `detect()` is precondition-only because the CVE fix commits are
> not yet pinned. See each module's `MODULE.md`.
> public V12 PoCs and are **not yet VM-verified** end-to-end. They are
> listed 🟡 in the table below but are **not** part of the 28-module
> verified corpus — they differ from the other 🟡 modules in two ways:
> they are self-contained page-cache writes (no `--full-chain`
> finisher), and their `detect()` is precondition-only because the CVE
> fix commits are not yet pinned. `--auto` will not fire them blind.
> See each module's `MODULE.md`.
Every module ships a `NOTICE.md` crediting the original CVE
reporter and PoC author. `skeletonkey --dump-offsets` populates the
@@ -66,6 +71,10 @@ root on a host can upstream their kernel's offsets via PR.
| CVE-2023-4622 | AF_UNIX garbage-collector race UAF | LPE (slab UAF, plain unprivileged) | mainline 6.6-rc1 (Aug 2023) | `af_unix_gc` | 🟡 | Lin Ma. Two-thread race driver: SCM_RIGHTS cycle vs unix_gc trigger; kmalloc-512 (SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU) refill via msg_msg. **Widest deployment of any module — bug exists since 2.x.** No userns required. Branch backports: 4.14.326 / 4.19.295 / 5.4.257 / 5.10.197 / 5.15.130 / 6.1.51 / 6.5.0. |
| CVE-2022-25636 | nft_fwd_dup_netdev_offload heap OOB | LPE (kernel R/W via offload action[] OOB) | mainline 5.17 / 5.16.11 (Feb 2022) | `nft_fwd_dup` | 🟡 | Aaron Adams (NCC). NFT_CHAIN_HW_OFFLOAD chain + 16 immediates + fwd writes past action.entries[1]. msg_msg kmalloc-512 spray. Branch backports: 5.4.181 / 5.10.102 / 5.15.25 / 5.16.11. |
| CVE-2023-0179 | nft_payload set-id memory corruption | LPE (regs->data[] OOB R/W) | mainline 6.2-rc4 / 6.1.6 (Jan 2023) | `nft_payload` | 🟡 | Davide Ornaghi. NFTA_SET_DESC variable-length element + NFTA_SET_ELEM_EXPRESSIONS payload-set whose verdict.code drives the OOB. Dual cg-96 + 1k spray. Branch backports: 4.14.302 / 4.19.269 / 5.4.229 / 5.10.163 / 5.15.88 / 6.1.6. |
| CVE-2021-3156 | sudo Baron Samedit — `sudoedit -s` heap overflow | LPE (userspace setuid sudo) | sudo 1.9.5p2 (Jan 2021) | `sudo_samedit` | 🟡 | Qualys Baron Samedit. Heap overflow via `sudoedit -s '\'` escaped-backslash parsing. Affects sudo 1.8.2 ≤ V ≤ 1.9.5p1. Heap-tuned exploit — may crash sudo on a mismatched layout. Ships auditd + sigma rules. |
| CVE-2021-33909 | Sequoia — `seq_file` size_t overflow → kernel stack OOB | LPE (kernel stack OOB write) | mainline 5.13.4 / 5.10.52 / 5.4.134 (Jul 2021) | `sequoia` | 🟡 | Qualys Sequoia. `size_t`-to-`int` conversion in `seq_file` drives an OOB write off the kernel stack via a deeply-nested directory mount. Primitive-only — fires the overflow + records a witness; no portable cred chain. Branch backports: 5.13.4 / 5.10.52 / 5.4.134. Ships auditd rule. |
| CVE-2023-22809 | sudoedit `EDITOR`/`VISUAL` `--` argv escape | LPE (userspace setuid sudoedit) | sudo 1.9.12p2 (Jan 2023) | `sudoedit_editor` | 🟢 | Structural argv-injection — an extra `--` in `EDITOR`/`VISUAL` makes setuid `sudoedit` open an attacker-chosen file as root. No kernel state, no offsets, no race. Affects sudo 1.8.0 ≤ V < 1.9.12p2. Ships auditd + sigma rules. |
| CVE-2023-2008 | vmwgfx DRM buffer-object size-validation OOB | LPE (kernel R/W via kmalloc-512 OOB) | mainline 6.3-rc6 (Apr 2023) | `vmwgfx` | 🟡 | vmwgfx DRM `bo` size-validation gap → OOB write in kmalloc-512. Affects 4.0 ≤ K < 6.3-rc6 on hosts with the `vmwgfx` module loaded (VMware guests). Primitive-only — fires the OOB + slab witness; no cred chain. Branch backports: 6.2.10 / 6.1.23. Ships auditd rule. |
| CVE-2026-31635 | DirtyDecrypt / DirtyCBC — rxgk missing-COW in-place decrypt | LPE (page-cache write into a setuid binary) | duplicate of an already-patched mainline flaw (fix commit not yet pinned) | `dirtydecrypt` | 🟡 | **Ported from the public V12 PoC, not yet VM-verified.** Sibling of Copy Fail / Dirty Frag in the rxgk (AFS rxrpc encryption) subsystem. `fire()` sliding-window page-cache write, ~256 fires/byte; rewrites the first 120 bytes of `/usr/bin/su` with a setuid-shell ELF. `--active` probe fires the primitive at a `/tmp` sentinel. detect() is precondition-only — see MODULE.md. x86_64. |
| CVE-2026-46300 | Fragnesia — XFRM ESP-in-TCP `skb_try_coalesce` SHARED_FRAG loss | LPE (page-cache write into a setuid binary) | distro patches 2026-05-13; mainline fix followed (commit not yet pinned) | `fragnesia` | 🟡 | **Ported from the public V12 PoC, not yet VM-verified.** Latent bug exposed by the Dirty Frag fix (`f4c50a4034e6`). AF_ALG GCM keystream table + userns/netns + XFRM ESP-in-TCP splice trigger pair; rewrites the first 192 bytes of `/usr/bin/su`. Needs `CONFIG_INET_ESPINTCP` + unprivileged userns (the in-scope question the old `_stubs/fragnesia_TBD` raised — resolved: ships, reports PRECOND_FAIL when the userns gate is closed). PoC's ANSI TUI dropped in the port. x86_64. |
@@ -99,6 +108,10 @@ Symbols: ✓ = supported, — = not applicable / no automated path.
| af_unix_gc | ✓ | ✓ (race) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (queue drain) | ✓ (auditd) |
| nft_fwd_dup | ✓ | ✓ (primitive) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (queue drain) | ✓ (auditd) |
| nft_payload | ✓ | ✓ (primitive) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (queue drain) | ✓ (auditd + sigma) |
| sudo_samedit | ✓ | ✓ (primitive) | — (upgrade sudo) | ✓ (crumb nuke) | ✓ (auditd + sigma) |
| sequoia | ✓ | ✓ (primitive) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (nested-tree + mount teardown) | ✓ (auditd) |
| sudoedit_editor | ✓ | ✓ | — (upgrade sudo) | ✓ (revert written file) | ✓ (auditd + sigma) |
| vmwgfx | ✓ | ✓ (primitive) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (log unlink) | ✓ (auditd) |
| dirtydecrypt | ✓ (+ `--active`) | ✓ (ported) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (evict page cache) | ✓ (auditd + sigma) |
| fragnesia | ✓ (+ `--active`) | ✓ (ported) | — (upgrade kernel) | ✓ (evict page cache) | ✓ (auditd + sigma) |
+23 -10
View File
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
[![Latest release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/KaraZajac/SKELETONKEY?label=release)](https://github.com/KaraZajac/SKELETONKEY/releases/latest)
[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](LICENSE)
[![Modules](https://img.shields.io/badge/modules-28-brightgreen.svg)](CVES.md)
[![Modules](https://img.shields.io/badge/modules-28%20verified%20%2B%202%20ported-brightgreen.svg)](CVES.md)
[![Platform: Linux](https://img.shields.io/badge/platform-linux-lightgrey.svg)](#)
> **One curated binary. 28 Linux LPE exploits, 2016 → 2026. Detection
> rules in the box. One command picks the safest one and runs it.**
> **One curated binary. 28 verified Linux LPE exploits, 2016 → 2026
> (+2 ported-but-unverified). Detection rules in the box. One command
> picks the safest one and runs it.**
```bash
curl -sSL https://github.com/KaraZajac/SKELETONKEY/releases/latest/download/install.sh | sh \
@@ -42,12 +43,15 @@ for every CVE in the bundle — same project for red and blue teams.
## Corpus at a glance
**28 modules** spanning the 2016 → 2026 LPE timeline:
**28 verified modules** spanning the 2016 → 2026 LPE timeline, plus
**2 ported-but-unverified** modules (`dirtydecrypt`, `fragnesia`
see note below):
| Tier | Count | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| 🟢 Full chain | **14** | Lands root (or its canonical capability) end-to-end. No per-kernel offsets needed. |
| 🟡 Primitive | **14** | Fires the kernel primitive + grooms the slab + records a witness. Default returns `EXPLOIT_FAIL` honestly. Pass `--full-chain` to engage the shared `modprobe_path` finisher (needs offsets — see [`docs/OFFSETS.md`](docs/OFFSETS.md)). |
| ⚪ Ported, unverified | **2** | `dirtydecrypt` + `fragnesia`, ported from public V12 PoCs. Built and registered, but **not yet validated on a vulnerable kernel**`detect()` is precondition-only and `--auto` will not fire them blind. Excluded from the 28-module verified counts above. |
**🟢 Modules that land root on a vulnerable host:**
copy_fail family ×5 · dirty_pipe · dirty_cow · pwnkit · overlayfs
@@ -60,6 +64,12 @@ af_packet · af_packet2 · af_unix_gc · cls_route4 · fuse_legacy ·
nf_tables · nft_set_uaf · nft_fwd_dup · nft_payload ·
netfilter_xtcompat · stackrot · sudo_samedit · sequoia · vmwgfx
**⚪ Ported-but-unverified (not in the counts above):**
dirtydecrypt (CVE-2026-31635) · fragnesia (CVE-2026-46300) — ported
from public V12 PoCs, **not yet VM-validated**. Self-contained
page-cache writes (no `--full-chain` finisher); `detect()` is
precondition-only because the CVE fix commits are not yet pinned.
See [`CVES.md`](CVES.md) for per-module CVE, kernel range, and
detection status.
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ uid=1000(kara) gid=1000(kara) groups=1000(kara)
$ skeletonkey --auto --i-know
[*] auto: host=demo kernel=5.15.0-56-generic arch=x86_64
[*] auto: scanning 28 modules for vulnerabilities...
[*] auto: scanning 30 modules for vulnerabilities...
[+] auto: dirty_pipe VULNERABLE (safety rank 90)
[+] auto: cgroup_release_agent VULNERABLE (safety rank 98)
[+] auto: pwnkit VULNERABLE (safety rank 100)
@@ -162,11 +172,14 @@ also compile (modules with Linux-only headers stub out gracefully).
## Status
**v0.5.0 cut 2026-05-17.** 28 modules. All build clean on Debian 13
(kernel 6.12) and refuse cleanly on patched hosts. Empirical
end-to-end validation on a vulnerable-kernel VM matrix is the next
roadmap item; until then, the corpus is best understood as
"compiles + detects + structurally correct + honest on failure."
**v0.5.0 cut 2026-05-17.** 28 verified modules, plus 2
ported-but-unverified (`dirtydecrypt`, `fragnesia`) added since the
cut. All 30 build clean on Debian 13 (kernel 6.12) and refuse cleanly
on patched hosts. Empirical end-to-end validation on a
vulnerable-kernel VM matrix is the next roadmap item; until then, the
corpus is best understood as "compiles + detects + structurally
correct + honest on failure" — and the two ported modules have not
been run against a vulnerable kernel at all.
See [`ROADMAP.md`](ROADMAP.md) for the next planned modules and
infrastructure work.
+22 -5
View File
@@ -164,7 +164,19 @@ Backfill of historical and recent LPEs as time allows.
(hand-rolled nfnetlink, NFT_GOTO+DROP malformed verdict,
msg_msg kmalloc-cg-96 groom, no pipapo R/W chain).
**Landed (ported from public PoC, pending VM verification):**
**Landed since v0.1.0 (in the 28-module verified corpus):**
- [x] **CVE-2021-3156** — sudo Baron Samedit: 🟡 PRIMITIVE
(`sudoedit -s` heap overflow; heap-tuned, may crash sudo).
- [x] **CVE-2021-33909** — Sequoia: 🟡 PRIMITIVE (`seq_file` size_t
overflow → kernel stack OOB; trigger + witness, no cred chain).
- [x] **CVE-2023-22809** — sudoedit EDITOR/VISUAL argv escape: 🟢 FULL
structural argv-injection (no kernel state, no offsets).
- [x] **CVE-2023-2008** — vmwgfx DRM bo size-validation OOB: 🟡
PRIMITIVE (kmalloc-512 OOB + slab witness, no cred chain).
**Landed (ported from public PoC, pending VM verification — NOT part
of the 28-module verified corpus):**
- [x] **CVE-2026-46300** — Fragnesia: 🟡 XFRM ESP-in-TCP page-cache
write. Ported from the V12 PoC; the old `_stubs/fragnesia_TBD`
@@ -181,7 +193,6 @@ Backfill of historical and recent LPEs as time allows.
**Carry-overs:**
- [ ] **CVE-2023-2008** — vmwgfx OOB write
- [ ] **CVE-2026-41651** — Pack2TheRoot (PackageKit daemon userspace
LPE; cross-distro). Candidate — userspace LPE in the pwnkit vein.
- [ ] Anything we ourselves disclose — bundled AFTER upstream patch
@@ -189,7 +200,7 @@ Backfill of historical and recent LPEs as time allows.
## Phase 8 — Full-chain promotions (post v0.1.0)
The 7 🟡 PRIMITIVE modules each stop one or two steps short of full
The 14 🟡 PRIMITIVE modules each stop one or two steps short of full
cred-overwrite. Promotion to 🟢 means landing the leak → R/W →
modprobe_path-or-cred-rewrite stage on at least one tracked kernel.
None requires fresh research — each has a public reference exploit;
@@ -200,9 +211,15 @@ auto-resolve via System.map / kallsyms when accessible).
Priority order: nf_tables (Notselwyn pipapo R/W), netfilter_xtcompat
(Andy Nguyen modprobe_path), af_packet (xairy sk_buff cred chase).
The other four are lower priority — fuse_legacy and cls_route4 have
The remainder are lower priority — fuse_legacy and cls_route4 have
narrower distro reach; af_packet2 piggybacks on af_packet; stackrot's
race window makes it inherently low-yield.
race window makes it inherently low-yield; the nft_* family and
vmwgfx need their per-kernel offset tables built out.
The 2 ported-but-unverified modules (`dirtydecrypt`, `fragnesia`) are
**not** part of this Phase 8 promotion set — they need VM verification
and pinned fix commits first (tracked under Phase 7+ above) before any
full-chain work is meaningful.
## Non-goals
+6 -4
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@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
<div class="stats">
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-num">28</span>
<span class="stat-label">total modules</span>
<span class="stat-label">verified modules</span>
</div>
<div class="stat">
<span class="stat-num green">14</span>
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ uid=1000(kara) gid=1000(kara) groups=1000(kara)
<span class="prompt">$</span> skeletonkey --auto --i-know
<span class="hl-muted">[*]</span> auto: host=demo kernel=5.15.0-56-generic arch=x86_64
<span class="hl-muted">[*]</span> auto: scanning 28 modules for vulnerabilities...
<span class="hl-muted">[*]</span> auto: scanning 30 modules for vulnerabilities...
<span class="hl-green">[+]</span> auto: dirty_pipe <span class="hl-yellow">VULNERABLE</span> (safety rank 90)
<span class="hl-green">[+]</span> auto: cgroup_release_agent <span class="hl-yellow">VULNERABLE</span> (safety rank 98)
<span class="hl-green">[+]</span> auto: pwnkit <span class="hl-yellow">VULNERABLE</span> (safety rank 100)
@@ -240,8 +240,10 @@ uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)</pre>
<div class="container">
<h2>Status</h2>
<p class="lead">
<strong>v0.5.0</strong> cut 2026-05-17. 28 modules build clean
on Debian 13 (kernel 6.12) and refuse cleanly on patched hosts.
<strong>v0.5.0</strong> cut 2026-05-17. 28 verified modules build
clean on Debian 13 (kernel 6.12) and refuse cleanly on patched
hosts; 2 further modules (dirtydecrypt, fragnesia) are ported
from public PoCs but not yet VM-verified.
Empirical end-to-end validation on a vulnerable-kernel VM matrix
is the next roadmap item; until then, the corpus is best
understood as "compiles + detects + structurally correct +
@@ -17,15 +17,17 @@ primitives that abuse a missing COW boundary.
## Research credit
Discovered and reported by the **Zellic** and **V12 security** team.
Public proof-of-concept by **Luna Tong** ("cts" / "gf_256"), Zellic
co-founder, on the V12 team.
Discovered and reported by **Zellic** and the **V12 security** team.
Public proof-of-concept by **Luna Tong** ("cts" / "gf_256") of the
V12 security team.
> Reference PoC: <https://github.com/v12-security/pocs/tree/main/dirtydecrypt>
On disclosure (2026-05-09) the kernel maintainers indicated the issue
duplicated a flaw already patched in mainline; CVE-2026-31635 was
assigned subsequently.
The upstream PoC file (`poc.c`) carries no author, project, or
`LICENSE` header of its own — its header is a purely technical
description of the bug. The credit above is from the public
disclosure, not from the file. CVE-2026-31635 was assigned for the
flaw; its fix commit is not pinned in this module (see below).
## SKELETONKEY role
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ detection:
name|startswith:
- '/usr/bin/su'
- '/bin/su'
- '/usr/bin/mount'
- '/usr/bin/passwd'
- '/usr/bin/chsh'
- '/etc/passwd'
- '/etc/shadow'
not_root:
@@ -856,8 +856,12 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t dd_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
static const char dd_auditd[] =
"# DirtyDecrypt (CVE-2026-31635) — auditd detection rules\n"
"# rxgk in-place decrypt corrupts the page cache of a read-only file.\n"
"# Watches every payload carrier in dd_targets[] plus credential files.\n"
"-w /usr/bin/su -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"-w /bin/su -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"-w /usr/bin/mount -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"-w /usr/bin/passwd -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"-w /usr/bin/chsh -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt\n"
"# AF_RXRPC socket creation by non-root (family 33) — core of the trigger\n"
@@ -865,7 +869,8 @@ static const char dd_auditd[] =
"# rxrpc security keys added to the keyring\n"
"-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S add_key -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt-key\n"
"# splice() drives the page-cache pages into the forged DATA packet\n"
"-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S splice -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt-splice\n";
"-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S splice -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt-splice\n"
"-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S splice -k skeletonkey-dirtydecrypt-splice\n";
static const char dd_sigma[] =
"title: Possible DirtyDecrypt exploitation (CVE-2026-31635)\n"
@@ -879,7 +884,8 @@ static const char dd_sigma[] =
"detection:\n"
" modification:\n"
" type: 'PATH'\n"
" name|startswith: ['/usr/bin/su', '/bin/su', '/etc/passwd', '/etc/shadow']\n"
" name|startswith: ['/usr/bin/su', '/bin/su', '/usr/bin/mount',\n"
" '/usr/bin/passwd', '/usr/bin/chsh', '/etc/passwd', '/etc/shadow']\n"
" not_root:\n"
" auid|expression: '!= 0'\n"
" condition: modification and not_root\n"