diff --git a/modules/af_packet2_cve_2020_14386/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/af_packet2_cve_2020_14386/skeletonkey_modules.c
index eea318e..339aa11 100644
--- a/modules/af_packet2_cve_2020_14386/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/af_packet2_cve_2020_14386/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -45,9 +45,6 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
-#include "../../core/offsets.h"
-#include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -55,13 +52,18 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
+#include "../../core/offsets.h"
+#include "../../core/finisher.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
-
-#ifdef __linux__
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
@@ -72,52 +74,6 @@
 #include <linux/if_ether.h>
 #include <linux/if_arp.h>
 #include <poll.h>
-#endif
-
-/* ---------- macOS / non-linux build stubs ---------------------------
- * Modules in SKELETONKEY are dev-built on macOS and run-built on Linux.
- * Provide empty stubs so syntax checks pass without Linux headers.
- * The exploit path is gated at runtime on the kernel version anyway,
- * so the stubs are never reached on macOS targets. */
-#ifndef __linux__
-#define CLONE_NEWUSER       0x10000000
-#define CLONE_NEWNET        0x40000000
-#define ETH_P_ALL           0x0003
-#define ETH_P_8021Q         0x8100
-#define ETH_P_8021AD        0x88A8
-#define ETH_P_IP            0x0800
-#define ETH_ALEN            6
-#define ETH_HLEN            14
-#define VLAN_HLEN           4
-#define IFF_UP              0x01
-#define IFF_RUNNING         0x40
-#define SIOCSIFFLAGS        0x8914
-#define SIOCGIFINDEX        0x8933
-#define SIOCGIFFLAGS        0x8913
-#define SOL_PACKET          263
-#define PACKET_RX_RING      5
-#define PACKET_VERSION      10
-#define PACKET_QDISC_BYPASS 20
-#define TPACKET_V2          1
-#define PACKET_HOST         0
-struct sockaddr_ll { unsigned short sll_family; unsigned short sll_protocol; int sll_ifindex; int dummy; };
-struct ifreq { char name[16]; union { int ifr_ifindex; short ifr_flags; } u; };
-struct tpacket_req { unsigned int tp_block_size, tp_block_nr, tp_frame_size, tp_frame_nr; };
-struct tpacket2_hdr { unsigned int tp_status, tp_len, tp_snaplen; unsigned short tp_mac, tp_net; };
-struct pollfd { int fd; short events, revents; };
-#define POLLIN 0x001
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    ioctl(int a, unsigned long b, ...) { (void)a; (void)b; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static void  *mmap(void *a, size_t b, int c, int d, int e, long f) { (void)a;(void)b;(void)c;(void)d;(void)e;(void)f; errno=ENOSYS; return (void*)-1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    munmap(void *a, size_t b) { (void)a;(void)b; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    setsockopt(int a, int b, int c, const void *d, unsigned int e) { (void)a;(void)b;(void)c;(void)d;(void)e; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    poll(struct pollfd *a, unsigned long b, int c) { (void)a;(void)b;(void)c; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static unsigned short htons(unsigned short x) { return x; }
-#define MAP_SHARED  0x01
-#define MAP_LOCKED  0x2000
-#define PROT_READ   0x1
-#define PROT_WRITE  0x2
-#define MAP_FAILED ((void *)-1)
-#endif
 
 static const struct kernel_patched_from af_packet2_patched_branches[] = {
     {4,  9, 235},
@@ -223,8 +179,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet2_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
  * the primitive. It does not land cred overwrite.
  */
 
-#ifdef __linux__
-
 /* sendmmsg spray helper — best-effort skb groom. Adjacent kernel slab
  * objects are sprayed so the OOB write lands on attacker bytes. */
 static void af_packet2_skb_spray(int n_iters)
@@ -440,15 +394,6 @@ static int af_packet2_primitive_child(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
     return 0;
 }
 
-#else /* !__linux__: provide a stub for macOS sanity builds */
-static int af_packet2_primitive_child(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
-{
-    (void)ctx;
-    fprintf(stderr, "[-] af_packet2: linux-only primitive — non-linux build\n");
-    return -1;
-}
-#endif
-
 /* ---- Full-chain finisher (--full-chain, x86_64 only) ----------------
  *
  * Arb-write strategy (Or Cohen's sk_buff-data-pointer hijack):
@@ -490,7 +435,7 @@ struct afp2_arb_ctx {
     int n_attempts;            /* spray/fire rounds before giving up */
 };
 
-#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__linux__)
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
 static int afp2_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len, void *vctx)
 {
     struct afp2_arb_ctx *c = (struct afp2_arb_ctx *)vctx;
@@ -508,9 +453,7 @@ static int afp2_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len, void *vc
      * frame would then write our payload (the modprobe_path string)
      * into the forged ->data target. */
     for (int i = 0; i < c->n_attempts; i++) {
-#ifdef __linux__
         af_packet2_skb_spray(8);
-#endif
         pid_t p = fork();
         if (p < 0) return -1;
         if (p == 0) {
@@ -535,9 +478,7 @@ static int afp2_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len, void *vc
         }
         int st;
         waitpid(p, &st, 0);
-#ifdef __linux__
         af_packet2_skb_spray(8);
-#endif
     }
 
     /* LAST-RESORT depth: we have fired the trigger + spray but cannot
@@ -664,7 +605,7 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet2_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
                             "    skeletonkey intentionally does not embed per-kernel offsets.\n");
         }
         if (ctx->full_chain) {
-#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__linux__)
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
             /* --full-chain: resolve kernel offsets and run the Or-Cohen
              * sk_buff-data-pointer hijack via the shared modprobe_path
              * finisher. Per the verified-vs-claimed bar: if we can't
@@ -703,6 +644,29 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet2_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
     }
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: AF_PACKET + TPACKET_V2 + tpacket_rcv VLAN
+ * underflow are Linux-only kernel surface. Stub out cleanly so the
+ * module still registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on
+ * macOS/BSD dev boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes
+ * there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet2_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] af_packet2: Linux-only module "
+                "(AF_PACKET TPACKET_V2 + user_ns) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet2_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] af_packet2: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 static const char af_packet2_auditd[] =
     "# AF_PACKET VLAN LPE (CVE-2020-14386) — auditd detection rules\n"
     "# Same syscall surface as CVE-2017-7308 — share the skeletonkey-af-packet\n"
diff --git a/modules/af_packet_cve_2017_7308/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/af_packet_cve_2017_7308/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 0470952..fa5fb66 100644
--- a/modules/af_packet_cve_2017_7308/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/af_packet_cve_2017_7308/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -60,17 +60,22 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
-#include "../../core/offsets.h"
-#include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
+#include "../../core/offsets.h"
+#include "../../core/finisher.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
@@ -858,6 +863,30 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
 #endif
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: AF_PACKET + unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_NEWNET)
+ * + TPACKET_V3 ring are Linux-only kernel surface; the TPACKET_V3
+ * integer-overflow primitive is structurally unreachable elsewhere.
+ * Stub out cleanly so the module still registers and `--list` /
+ * `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD dev boxes — and so the top-level
+ * `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] af_packet: Linux-only module "
+                "(AF_PACKET TPACKET_V3 + user_ns) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t af_packet_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] af_packet: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 static const char af_packet_auditd[] =
     "# AF_PACKET TPACKET_V3 LPE (CVE-2017-7308) — auditd detection rules\n"
     "# Flag AF_PACKET socket creation from non-root via userns.\n"
diff --git a/modules/cgroup_release_agent_cve_2022_0492/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/cgroup_release_agent_cve_2022_0492/skeletonkey_modules.c
index ae04b24..f41b75a 100644
--- a/modules/cgroup_release_agent_cve_2022_0492/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/cgroup_release_agent_cve_2022_0492/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -46,6 +45,10 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sched.h>
@@ -303,6 +306,34 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t cgroup_ra_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_NEWNS) + cgroup v1
+ * mount are Linux-only kernel surface; the release_agent primitive is
+ * structurally unreachable elsewhere. Stub out cleanly so the module
+ * still registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD
+ * dev boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t cgroup_ra_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] cgroup_release_agent: Linux-only module "
+                "(user_ns + cgroup v1 release_agent) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t cgroup_ra_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] cgroup_release_agent: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t cgroup_ra_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 static const char cgroup_ra_auditd[] =
     "# cgroup_release_agent (CVE-2022-0492) — auditd detection rules\n"
     "# Flag unshare(NEWUSER|NEWNS) + mount(cgroup) + writes to release_agent.\n"
diff --git a/modules/cls_route4_cve_2022_2588/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/cls_route4_cve_2022_2588/skeletonkey_modules.c
index d75e927..0cc6ad6 100644
--- a/modules/cls_route4_cve_2022_2588/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/cls_route4_cve_2022_2588/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -40,9 +40,6 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
-#include "../../core/offsets.h"
-#include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -50,6 +47,13 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
+#include "../../core/offsets.h"
+#include "../../core/finisher.h"
+
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sched.h>
@@ -412,8 +416,6 @@ static long slab_active_kmalloc_1k(void)
  * Honest scope: this is structurally-fires-on-vuln + sentinel-arbitrated,
  * not a deterministic R/W. Same shape and same depth as xtcompat. */
 
-#ifdef __linux__
-
 struct cls_route4_arb_ctx {
     /* msg_msg queues kept hot inside the userns child. The arb-write
      * sprays additional kaddr-tagged payloads into these and re-fires
@@ -544,8 +546,6 @@ static int cls4_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr,
     return 0;
 }
 
-#endif /* __linux__ */
-
 /* ---- Exploit driver ----------------------------------------------- */
 
 static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
@@ -565,11 +565,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
         return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
     }
 
-#ifndef __linux__
-    fprintf(stderr, "[-] cls_route4: linux-only exploit; non-linux build\n");
-    (void)ctx;
-    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
-#else
     /* Full-chain pre-check: resolve offsets before forking. If
      * modprobe_path can't be resolved, refuse early — no point doing
      * the userns + tc + spray + trigger dance if we can't finish. */
@@ -782,7 +777,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
         }
         return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
     }
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 }
 
 /* ---- Cleanup ----------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -803,6 +797,34 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: cls_route4 / tc / netlink / msg_msg are
+ * Linux-only kernel surface; the route4 dead-UAF is structurally
+ * unreachable elsewhere. Stub out cleanly so the module still
+ * registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD dev
+ * boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] cls_route4: Linux-only module "
+                "(net/sched cls_route4 + msg_msg) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] cls_route4: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t cls_route4_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 static const char cls_route4_auditd[] =
     "# cls_route4 dead UAF (CVE-2022-2588) — auditd detection rules\n"
     "# Flag tc filter operations with route4 classifier from non-root.\n"
diff --git a/modules/dirty_cow_cve_2016_5195/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/dirty_cow_cve_2016_5195/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 95ca46d..222e133 100644
--- a/modules/dirty_cow_cve_2016_5195/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/dirty_cow_cve_2016_5195/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -43,15 +43,18 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdatomic.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdatomic.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
@@ -318,6 +321,34 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_cow_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: the Dirty COW primitive (writer thread via
+ * /proc/self/mem + madvise(MADV_DONTNEED)) is Linux-only kernel
+ * surface. Stub out cleanly so the module still registers and
+ * `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD dev boxes — and so
+ * the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_cow_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] dirty_cow: Linux-only module "
+                "(/proc/self/mem + madvise race) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_cow_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] dirty_cow: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_cow_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ---- Embedded detection rules ---- */
 
 static const char dirty_cow_auditd[] =
diff --git a/modules/dirty_pipe_cve_2022_0847/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/dirty_pipe_cve_2022_0847/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 6288a83..f49ab4f 100644
--- a/modules/dirty_pipe_cve_2022_0847/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/dirty_pipe_cve_2022_0847/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 
 /* _GNU_SOURCE is passed via -D in the top-level Makefile; do not
  * redefine here (warning: redefined). */
@@ -42,6 +41,10 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"   /* used inside this block only */
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
@@ -407,6 +410,34 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_pipe_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: splice() / F_GETPIPE_SZ / posix_fadvise() are
+ * Linux-only kernel surface; the Dirty Pipe primitive is structurally
+ * unreachable elsewhere. Stub out cleanly so the module still
+ * registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD dev
+ * boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_pipe_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] dirty_pipe: Linux-only module "
+                "(splice + PIPE_BUF_FLAG_CAN_MERGE) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_pipe_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] dirty_pipe: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t dirty_pipe_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* Embedded detection rules — keep the binary self-contained so
  * `skeletonkey --detect-rules --format=auditd` works without a separate
  * data-dir install. */
diff --git a/modules/fuse_legacy_cve_2022_0185/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/fuse_legacy_cve_2022_0185/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 0d34b5a..44093de 100644
--- a/modules/fuse_legacy_cve_2022_0185/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/fuse_legacy_cve_2022_0185/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -59,15 +59,20 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
 #include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include "../../core/offsets.h"
 #include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -378,7 +383,6 @@ struct fuse_arb_ctx {
     bool    trigger_armed;
 };
 
-#ifdef __linux__
 static int fuse_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len,
                           void *ctx_void)
 {
@@ -504,15 +508,6 @@ static int fuse_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len,
             (unsigned long)kaddr);
     return 0;
 }
-#else
-static int fuse_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len,
-                          void *ctx_void)
-{
-    (void)kaddr; (void)buf; (void)len; (void)ctx_void;
-    fprintf(stderr, "[-] fuse_arb_write: linux-only primitive\n");
-    return -1;
-}
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* exploit                                                             */
@@ -732,7 +727,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t fuse_legacy_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
      * runs because the arb_write primitive re-fires the trigger and
      * needs the live spray.
      * --------------------------------------------------------------- */
-#ifdef __linux__
     if (ctx->full_chain) {
         if (!ctx->json) {
             fprintf(stderr, "[*] fuse_legacy: --full-chain requested — resolving "
@@ -792,7 +786,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t fuse_legacy_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
         }
         return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
     }
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 
     /* Clean up our IPC queues and mapping. The kernel slab state
      * after the overflow may be unstable; we exit cleanly on success
@@ -826,6 +819,28 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t fuse_legacy_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
     return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: fsopen/fsconfig + userns+mountns clone are
+ * Linux-only kernel surface. Stub out cleanly so the module still
+ * registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD dev
+ * boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t fuse_legacy_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] fuse_legacy: Linux-only module "
+                "(fsopen + fsconfig + userns mount) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t fuse_legacy_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] fuse_legacy: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* embedded detection rules                                            */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
diff --git a/modules/netfilter_xtcompat_cve_2021_22555/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/netfilter_xtcompat_cve_2021_22555/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 3ba5778..00ffe83 100644
--- a/modules/netfilter_xtcompat_cve_2021_22555/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/netfilter_xtcompat_cve_2021_22555/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -58,16 +58,20 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
 #include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include "../../core/offsets.h"
 #include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sched.h>
@@ -76,8 +80,6 @@
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
-
-#ifdef __linux__
 #include <sys/ipc.h>
 #include <sys/msg.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
@@ -91,31 +93,6 @@
 #ifndef SOL_IP
 #define SOL_IP  0
 #endif
-#endif
-
-/* ---------- macOS / non-linux build stubs ---------------------------
- * SKELETONKEY modules are dev-built on macOS (clangd / syntax check) and
- * run-built on Linux. The Linux-only types and IPT_SO_SET_REPLACE
- * constants are absent on Darwin; stub them so the .c file compiles
- * cleanly under either toolchain. The actual exploit body is gated
- * by `#ifdef __linux__` at runtime entry. */
-#ifndef __linux__
-#define CLONE_NEWUSER       0x10000000
-#define CLONE_NEWNET        0x40000000
-#define IPPROTO_RAW         255
-#define SOL_IP              0
-#define IPT_SO_SET_REPLACE  64
-struct ipt_replace { char dummy; };
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    msgget(int a, int b)             { (void)a;(void)b; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    msgsnd(int a, const void *b, size_t c, int d) { (void)a;(void)b;(void)c;(void)d; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static ssize_t msgrcv(int a, void *b, size_t c, long d, int e) { (void)a;(void)b;(void)c;(void)d;(void)e; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-__attribute__((unused)) static int    msgctl(int a, int b, void *c)    { (void)a;(void)b;(void)c; errno=ENOSYS; return -1; }
-#define IPC_PRIVATE   0
-#define IPC_CREAT     01000
-#define IPC_NOWAIT    04000
-#define IPC_RMID      0
-#define MSG_COPY      040000
-#endif
 
 /* ---- Kernel range ------------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -202,8 +179,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_detect(const struct skeletonkey_c
 
 /* ---- Exploit: userns reach + trigger + groom ---------------------- */
 
-#ifdef __linux__
-
 /* Write uid_map and gid_map after unshare so we're root in userns.
  * This is the standard setgroups=deny pattern; without it the uid_map
  * write is rejected on modern kernels for unprivileged callers. */
@@ -471,8 +446,6 @@ static int xtcompat_fire_trigger(int *out_errno)
     return 0;
 }
 
-#endif /* __linux__ — close original primitive block */
-
 /* ---- Full-chain arb-write primitive --------------------------------
  *
  * Pattern (FALLBACK — see module top-comment): the xt_compat 4-byte OOB
@@ -509,8 +482,6 @@ static int xtcompat_fire_trigger(int *out_errno)
  * patched kernel the trigger returns EINVAL on step 2 and arb_write
  * returns -1 without ever queueing the follow-up. */
 
-#ifdef __linux__
-
 struct xtcompat_arb_ctx {
     /* Spray queues kept hot across multiple arb_write calls. The
      * msg_msg slots seeded here are what the finisher uses as
@@ -636,8 +607,6 @@ static int xtcompat_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr,
     return 0;
 }
 
-#endif /* __linux__ */
-
 /* ---- Exploit driver ---------------------------------------------- */
 
 static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
@@ -661,11 +630,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_
         return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
     }
 
-#ifndef __linux__
-    fprintf(stderr, "[-] netfilter_xtcompat: linux-only exploit; non-linux build\n");
-    (void)ctx;
-    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
-#else
     /* Full-chain pre-check: resolve offsets before forking. If
      * modprobe_path can't be resolved, refuse early with the manual-
      * workflow help — no point doing the userns + spray + trigger
@@ -944,7 +908,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_
         fprintf(stderr, "[-] netfilter_xtcompat: child exit %d unexpected\n", rc);
         return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
     }
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 }
 
 /* ---- Cleanup ----------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -963,6 +926,33 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: setsockopt(IPT_SO_SET_REPLACE) + nfnetlink +
+ * userns is Linux-only kernel surface. Stub out cleanly so the module
+ * still registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD
+ * dev boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] netfilter_xtcompat: Linux-only module "
+                "(xt_compat_target_to_user via SET_REPLACE) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] netfilter_xtcompat: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t netfilter_xtcompat_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ---- Detection rules --------------------------------------------- */
 
 static const char netfilter_xtcompat_auditd[] =
diff --git a/modules/nf_tables_cve_2024_1086/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/nf_tables_cve_2024_1086/skeletonkey_modules.c
index ebdd097..57f5f46 100644
--- a/modules/nf_tables_cve_2024_1086/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/nf_tables_cve_2024_1086/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -57,16 +57,20 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
 #include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include "../../core/offsets.h"
 #include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -618,7 +622,6 @@ static long slabinfo_active(const char *slab)
  * Factored out so --full-chain can re-fire the trigger between
  * msg_msg sprays without duplicating the batch-building logic.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
-#ifdef __linux__
 static size_t build_trigger_batch(uint8_t *batch, size_t cap, uint32_t *seq)
 {
     (void)cap;
@@ -792,7 +795,6 @@ static int nft_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len, void *vct
     usleep(20 * 1000);
     return 0;
 }
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * The exploit body.
@@ -825,7 +827,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nf_tables_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
         }
     }
 
-#ifdef __linux__
     /* --- --full-chain path --------------------------------------- *
      * Resolve offsets BEFORE doing anything destructive so we can
      * refuse cleanly on hosts where we have no modprobe_path. We run
@@ -906,7 +907,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nf_tables_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
         close(sock);
         return r;
     }
-#endif
 
     /* --- primitive-only path: fork-isolated trigger -------------- *
      * Fork: child enters userns+netns and fires the bug. If the
@@ -1070,6 +1070,28 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nf_tables_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
     return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: nfnetlink + nf_tables UAF + userns is
+ * Linux-only kernel surface. Stub out cleanly so the module still
+ * registers and `--list` / `--detect-rules` work on macOS/BSD dev
+ * boxes — and so the top-level `make` actually completes there. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t nf_tables_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] nf_tables: Linux-only module "
+                "(nft_verdict_init UAF via nfnetlink) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t nf_tables_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] nf_tables: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ----- Embedded detection rules ----- */
 
 static const char nf_tables_auditd[] =
diff --git a/modules/nft_fwd_dup_cve_2022_25636/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/nft_fwd_dup_cve_2022_25636/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 2be3332..de57e70 100644
--- a/modules/nft_fwd_dup_cve_2022_25636/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/nft_fwd_dup_cve_2022_25636/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -43,16 +43,20 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
 #include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include "../../core/offsets.h"
 #include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -585,7 +589,6 @@ static int bring_lo_up(void)
     return 0;
 }
 
-#ifdef __linux__
 static size_t build_trigger_batch(uint8_t *batch, uint32_t *seq)
 {
     size_t off = 0;
@@ -596,7 +599,6 @@ static size_t build_trigger_batch(uint8_t *batch, uint32_t *seq)
     put_batch_end(batch, &off, (*seq)++);
     return off;
 }
-#endif
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * --full-chain arb-write context. The technique:
@@ -617,8 +619,6 @@ static size_t build_trigger_batch(uint8_t *batch, uint32_t *seq)
  * mismatches as SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL rather than fake success.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-#ifdef __linux__
-
 #define SPRAY_QUEUES_ARB        32
 
 struct fwd_arb_ctx {
@@ -721,8 +721,6 @@ static int nft_fwd_dup_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr,
     return 0;
 }
 
-#endif /* __linux__ */
-
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Exploit driver.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -748,11 +746,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
         return pre;
     }
 
-#ifndef __linux__
-    fprintf(stderr, "[-] nft_fwd_dup: linux-only exploit; non-linux build\n");
-    (void)ctx;
-    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
-#else
     if (!ctx->json) {
         if (ctx->full_chain) {
             fprintf(stderr, "[*] nft_fwd_dup: --full-chain — trigger + OOB-write "
@@ -946,7 +939,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
         fprintf(stderr, "[-] nft_fwd_dup: unexpected child rc=%d\n", rc);
     }
     return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -958,7 +950,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
     if (!ctx->json) {
         fprintf(stderr, "[*] nft_fwd_dup: cleaning up sysv queues + log\n");
     }
-#ifdef __linux__
     /* Best-effort drain of any leftover msg queues with IPC_PRIVATE
      * key owned by us. SysV doesn't enumerate by key, but msgctl
      * IPC_STAT walks /proc/sysvipc/msg to find them. */
@@ -979,13 +970,38 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
         }
         fclose(f);
     }
-#endif
     if (unlink("/tmp/skeletonkey-nft_fwd_dup.log") < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
         /* harmless */
     }
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: nf_tables / NETLINK_NETFILTER / SysV msg_msg
+ * groom — all Linux-only kernel surface. Stub out so the module still
+ * registers and the top-level `make` completes on macOS/BSD dev boxes. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] nft_fwd_dup: Linux-only module "
+                "(nf_tables HW-offload OOB) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] nft_fwd_dup: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t nft_fwd_dup_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Embedded detection rules.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
diff --git a/modules/nft_payload_cve_2023_0179/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/nft_payload_cve_2023_0179/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 0a67a64..09857b2 100644
--- a/modules/nft_payload_cve_2023_0179/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/nft_payload_cve_2023_0179/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -49,16 +49,20 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
 #include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include "../../core/offsets.h"
 #include "../../core/finisher.h"
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -71,13 +75,10 @@
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
-
-#ifdef __linux__
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
 #include <linux/netfilter.h>
 #include <linux/netfilter/nfnetlink.h>
 #include <linux/netfilter/nf_tables.h>
-#endif
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Kernel-range table
@@ -187,8 +188,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx
     return SKELETONKEY_VULNERABLE;
 }
 
-#ifdef __linux__
-
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * userns + netns entry: become root in the new user_ns so subsequent
  * netlink writes carry CAP_NET_ADMIN over our private net_ns.
@@ -801,8 +800,6 @@ static int nft_payload_arb_write(uintptr_t kaddr, const void *buf, size_t len,
     return 0;
 }
 
-#endif /* __linux__ */
-
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Exploit body.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -838,11 +835,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
         }
     }
 
-#ifndef __linux__
-    (void)ctx;
-    fprintf(stderr, "[-] nft_payload: linux-only exploit; non-linux build\n");
-    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
-#else
     /* --- --full-chain path: resolve offsets in parent before doing
      * anything destructive. */
     if (ctx->full_chain) {
@@ -1074,7 +1066,6 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
         fprintf(stderr, "[-] nft_payload: unexpected child rc=%d\n", rc);
     }
     return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
-#endif /* __linux__ */
 }
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1092,6 +1083,32 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ct
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: nf_tables / NETLINK_NETFILTER / SysV msg_msg
+ * groom — all Linux-only kernel surface. Stub out so the module still
+ * registers and the top-level `make` completes on macOS/BSD dev boxes. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] nft_payload: Linux-only module "
+                "(nf_tables regset OOB) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] nft_payload: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t nft_payload_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Detection rule corpus.
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
diff --git a/modules/overlayfs_cve_2021_3493/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/overlayfs_cve_2021_3493/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 36d989f..7912650 100644
--- a/modules/overlayfs_cve_2021_3493/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/overlayfs_cve_2021_3493/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -37,13 +37,16 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
@@ -446,6 +449,28 @@ fail_workdir:
     return SKELETONKEY_EXPLOIT_FAIL;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: overlayfs / unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_NEWNS) /
+ * setxattr("security.capability") are all Linux-only. Stub out so the
+ * module still registers and the top-level `make` completes on
+ * macOS/BSD dev boxes. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t overlayfs_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] overlayfs: Linux-only module "
+                "(Ubuntu userns-overlayfs) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t overlayfs_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] overlayfs: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 /* ----- Embedded detection rules ----- */
 
 static const char overlayfs_auditd[] =
diff --git a/modules/overlayfs_setuid_cve_2023_0386/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/overlayfs_setuid_cve_2023_0386/skeletonkey_modules.c
index 5458607..e3ada98 100644
--- a/modules/overlayfs_setuid_cve_2023_0386/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/overlayfs_setuid_cve_2023_0386/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -40,14 +40,17 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sched.h>
@@ -371,6 +374,32 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t overlayfs_setuid_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ct
     return SKELETONKEY_OK;
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: overlayfs copy-up / unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER|CLONE_NEWNS)
+ * / mount("overlay", ...) are Linux-only. Stub out so the module still
+ * registers and the top-level `make` completes on macOS/BSD dev boxes. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t overlayfs_setuid_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] overlayfs_setuid: Linux-only module "
+                "(overlayfs setuid copy-up) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t overlayfs_setuid_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] overlayfs_setuid: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t overlayfs_setuid_cleanup(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    return SKELETONKEY_OK;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 static const char overlayfs_setuid_auditd[] =
     "# overlayfs setuid copy-up (CVE-2023-0386) — auditd detection rules\n"
     "# Same surface as CVE-2021-3493; share the skeletonkey-overlayfs key.\n"
diff --git a/modules/ptrace_traceme_cve_2019_13272/skeletonkey_modules.c b/modules/ptrace_traceme_cve_2019_13272/skeletonkey_modules.c
index e299f90..52defd6 100644
--- a/modules/ptrace_traceme_cve_2019_13272/skeletonkey_modules.c
+++ b/modules/ptrace_traceme_cve_2019_13272/skeletonkey_modules.c
@@ -28,13 +28,16 @@
 
 #include "skeletonkey_modules.h"
 #include "../../core/registry.h"
-#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+
+#include "../../core/kernel_range.h"
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
@@ -277,6 +280,27 @@ static skeletonkey_result_t ptrace_traceme_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx
 #endif
 }
 
+#else  /* !__linux__ */
+
+/* Non-Linux dev builds: PTRACE_TRACEME / PTRACE_ATTACH / user_regs_struct
+ * are Linux-only ABI surface. Stub out so the module still registers and
+ * the top-level `make` completes on macOS/BSD dev boxes. */
+static skeletonkey_result_t ptrace_traceme_detect(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    if (!ctx->json)
+        fprintf(stderr, "[i] ptrace_traceme: Linux-only module "
+                "(PTRACE_TRACEME cred-escalation) — not applicable here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+static skeletonkey_result_t ptrace_traceme_exploit(const struct skeletonkey_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    (void)ctx;
+    fprintf(stderr, "[-] ptrace_traceme: Linux-only module — cannot run here\n");
+    return SKELETONKEY_PRECOND_FAIL;
+}
+
+#endif /* __linux__ */
+
 static const char ptrace_traceme_auditd[] =
     "# PTRACE_TRACEME LPE (CVE-2019-13272) — auditd detection rules\n"
     "# Flag PTRACE_TRACEME (request 0) followed by parent execve of\n"